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○3 只能用which的情况：
a． 关系代词前有介词。 This is the house in which we lived last year .
b． 先行词本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .
c． 非限制性定语从句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .
○4 定语从句在句中作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。
a．I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .
b．Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .
c．The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .
d．We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .
e．The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .
○5 引导词when, where和why可用相应的表示时间（in, on, at, during等）、地点（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介词＋which 表达为介宾结构。
a．I still remember the day when I met her for the first time . ---- I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time .
b．That is the place where I went when I was a child . ----- That is the place to which I went when I was a child .
c．May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?
○6 在定语从句中，不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。
I just can't find the book which/that she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can't find the book which/that she lent to me .（√）
○7 注意下面的变化：
a． This is the house(不作lived的宾语) where we lived last year .
This is the house(作lived in的宾语) which/that we lived in last year .
b． This is the day (不作left的宾语)when we left for Shenzhen .
This is the day (作spent的宾语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .
○8 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：
a． 限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。
b． 非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。
◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .
◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
Ⅲ There be 句型
1． 英语"There + be + (not)"结构表示"有（没有）某人或某物"时，there 是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。
2． 肯定句：There +(助动词或情态动词)＋be 主语＋地点（时间）状语。
There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .
3． 否定句：There + be(助动词或情态动词)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主语…。
There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn't a underground in Shanghai before ./ There won't be a football match tomorrow .
4． 一般疑问句：Be + there +(any) +主语… ？ / 助动词或情态动词 ＋ there +be +(any) + 主语… ？
Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?
5． 特殊疑问句：疑问词（＋名词）＋be ＋there + 状语 ？
How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?
6． 如果there +be 之后是并列主语，应根据离be 最近的名词来选择be的形式。
There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .
7． 含有引导词there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作谓语的结构。
There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here -
Ⅳ 主谓一致
1． 主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。
2． 单数名词、不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；若主语表示单数或整体概念时，谓语应用单数。
Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isn't very large . / His family are all music lovers .
3． 有些名词以"s"结尾，但谓用单数。（news, physics, maths, politics等） Maths is very important to us .
4． People, police, youth, cattle等常作复数处理。 The youth are full of living .
5． 既作单数又是复数的名词，可作单、复数。（sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese…）
There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street . / The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .
6． 当主语是两个名词由and 连接时，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，谓语用单数。
The teacher and writer is coming（同一个人） . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)
7． 有every 或each 修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数，第二个every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.
8． 表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词，一般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。A hundred miles is a long distance .
9． 有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词，常用复数处理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .
10． Number, population 等词可作单数或复数，主要从意思决定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.
The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.
11． 当名词后有with, together, like, but, except等介词短语时，谓语随名词的数而变。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .
12． Each和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.
13． What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单、复数，主要靠意思决定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?
14． "None 或none of+名词（代词）复数"可作单、复数，若名词为不可数，则谓语只用单数。
None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.
15．"Either, neither (+of +名（代）词复数"作主语时，通常看作单数。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .
16．"many a +单数名词"或"more than one +单数名词"作主语时，谓语多用单数形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.
17．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可数名词，谓语用单数。 All of meat is bad .
18．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可数名词复数，谓语用复数。 Some of students are absent .
19．"one of +名（代）词复数"为主时，谓语通常用单数。One of the girls is from America .
20．"a pair of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语常用单数，若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。
21．"（a）part of +名词"作主语时，若名词是单数，谓语用单数；若名词是复数，谓语用复数。
22．"a group of +名词"作主语时，强调整体，谓语用单数；若强调group 中的各成员，谓语用复数。
23．"a lot of /lots of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。
24．"most of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。
25．"plenty of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。
27．由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or或there be + 名词＋and + 名词等连接的主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。
My parents or I am going to visit my grandparents .
Either your father or your mother has been to the Great Wall .
Neither you nor Lao Yang is to do the work .
There is a man and three children over there .
Not only you but also he knows that thing .
28．动词不定式和动词－ing形式作主语时作单数处理。
To see you is very glad . = It is very glad to see you .
Taking means no holes .
Seeing is believing .
Finishing the work takes me a long time . = To finish the work takes me a long time . = It takes me a long time to finish the work .
